Polymers are the spine of many artificial and natural materials and play a vital role in our daily lives. From packaging food and auto parts to clothing fibers and medical equipment, polymers are present in every corner of the modern world. In a general category, polymers are divided into two main groups: biological polymers (biopolymers) derived from natural resources such as plants and animals, and non -biological polymers (chemical polymers) synthesized in laboratories and industrial units.
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"Non -Biological Polymer - Chemical Polymer" refers to a group of macromolecules that are synthesized by the frequent connection of smaller molecular units called monomer through chemical reactions. Unlike biological polymers produced by living organisms and usually have complex structures and specific biological functions (such as proteins, DNA and starch), "non -biological -chemical polymer polymer" is artificially produced and their structure is usually more regular. The process of synthesis "non -biological -chemical polymer" is carried out in controlled laboratory or industrial conditions, and the final properties of the polymer are strongly affected by the type of monomer, reaction conditions and polymerization method.
Another key distinction between these two types of polymers is in their production source. Biological polymers are obtained from renewable sources, while the main raw materials for the production of "non -biological -chemical polymer" are mainly derived from fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas. This has important environmental consequences and has made the development of "non -biological -chemical -chemical polymer polymer" into a hot topic in research. Therefore, a precise understanding of the "non -biological -chemical polymer" requires the recognition of the source, the synthesis method and their chemical structure.
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The chemical structure of the "non -biological polymer -chemical polymer" is a major determinant of their physical and mechanical properties. These polymers are usually composed of long carbon chains, with other atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. Depending on the type of monomers connection, "non -biological polymer -chemical polymer" is divided into two main categories:
Addition polymers: In this type of polymerization, monomers are connected to each other without losing any nuclear. Common examples of this category include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polystyrene.
Condensation polymers: In this type of polymerization, monomers' connection is carried out by removing a small molecule such as water or methanol. Nylon, polyester and phenolic are examples of "non -biological -chemical polymer".
In addition, "non -biological -chemical polymer" can also be classified according to the structure of the polymer chain:
Linear polymers: monomers are linearly connected.
Branched polymers: sub -chains are divided from the main chain.
Cross-Linked Polymers: Polymer chains connect to each other with transverse bonds and create a 3D network. These types of polymers are usually harder and more durable.
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The "non -biological -chemical polymer" shows a wide range of physical and mechanical properties that make them suitable for a variety of applications. Some of these key properties are:
Molecular Weight: Molecular weight "non -biological polymer -chemical polymer" has a direct effect on viscosity, melting temperature, strength and other properties.
Crystallinity: The amount of order in the structure of the polymer chains affects the transparency, density and mechanical properties of the "non -biological -chemical polymer". Crystal polymers are usually harder and more durable.
Glass Transition Temperature, TG and Melting Temperature, TM: These temperatures indicate the change of "non -biological polymer -chemical polymer" from hard and glass to soft and rubber state (TG) and are solid to melt.
Mechanical Properties: Includes tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, impact resistance, hardness and length increase to fail. These properties depend heavily on the chemical structure, molecular weight and crystallization "non -biological polymer -chemical polymer".
Heat Properties: Resistance to heat and thermal conductivity.
Electrical Properties: Insulation or conductivity.
Light Properties: Transparency or opaque.
Chemical resistance: Ability to resist different chemicals.
By adjusting the structure and composition of the "non -biological -chemical polymer", their properties can be used to meet the specific needs of each engineering application. The importance of identifying the properties of "non -biological polymer -chemical polymer" is critical for designing and manufacturing polymer products efficient and sustainable.
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The production of "non -biological -chemical polymer" is produced by polymerization processes, which includes the connection of monomers to each other for the formation of long polymer chains. There are two main methods of polymerization for the production of "non -biological polymer; chemical polymer":
Free radical polymerization: This is the most common method for synthesizing "non -biological polymer; chemical polymer". In this process, radical initiators lead to the onset of the growth of the polymer chain. Polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene are produced by this method.
Ionic polymerization: This method involves cationic or anionic polymerization and is used to synthesize "non -biological -chemical polymer" with controlled molecular structure and weight.
Condensation polymerization: As mentioned earlier, in this method, the monomers are connected to each other by removing a small molecule. Nylon and polyester are synthesized by this method.
In addition to these main methods, other methods such as catalytic polymerization, open -ended polymerization and loop are also used to synthesize the "non -biological -chemical polymer polymer" with specific properties. The choice of polymerization method depends heavily on the type of monomer and the desired properties of the final "non -biological -chemical polymer". Careful control of the parameters of the polymerization process such as temperature, pressure, monomer concentration and catalyst are essential for achieving "non -biological -chemical polymer polymer" with desirable properties.
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The "non -biological polymer -chemical polymer" comprises a wide range of materials, each with its own properties and applications. Some of the most important types of "non -biological polymer - chemical polymer" are:
- PETILLL (PE): The Percarderin «Plemer Ghaisti -Pelmer Shimayye» Ba Karabardi Farawan Dar Toulid Filmhai Bethdi, for her God, Batrihah and her It is it. For her, for her, Pervity, and Cables. Dar Bushk, Petha (PET), and her knowledge. (Polyureethanes): With the properties of the Estakk and Aqeq, with a virgin, it will be given it, and it will be. Camicon.
This is the only example of a wide range of "non -biological -chemical polymer". With the development of polymer technologies, new types of "non -biological -chemical polymer" with improved properties for specific applications are ongoing. Applications of "non -biological polymer -chemical polymer" are very widespread due to their variety of properties and have affected our lives in different dimensions.
Despite the many benefits of "non -biological -chemical polymer", there are important challenges in relation to their production, consumption and excretion. Dependence on fossil fuels as the main source of raw materials is one of the biggest challenges that has increased the importance of the development of "non -biological -chemical polymer polymer" from renewable and sustainable sources due to the restriction of environmental resources and concerns related to their extraction and use. The problem of management of polymer waste, especially disposable plastics, is also a serious challenge. The "non -biological polymer -chemical polymer" usually decomposes slowly in nature, and their accumulation in the environment can lead to soil and water pollution.